Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1434 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Modest Proposal Essay Did you like this example? A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift, was written and published in 1729. A Modest Proposal was written as a juvenalian satirical essay. This work was one of the oldest versions of a satire. A satire is the use of exaggeration to shed light on someones stupidity or mistake in either writing or film. In this particular work, Swift is targeting poverty in Ireland, who was under English Rule. Jonathan Swift, who recently became politically involved in the 1720s, did not agree with how the wealthy English community acted so careless to the low-socioeconomic population of Ireland. These poor populations thought having kids would improve their rate of success by multiplying their amount of chances to make money. Swift thought to seek change and create a somewhat humorous way to catch the eye of the English public and reveal the issues of the overpopulation and poverty in Ireland. In A Modest Proposal, Swift is enraged about the poverty in his country so he wanted to create a radical answer to shed some light on this major issue. Jonathan Swift uses exaggeration, irony, and humor or shock to reveal the political issues and create his own solutions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift" essay for you Create order Jonathan Swift, when writing A Modest Proposal, uses the effective literary device exaggeration. Swift capitalizes this implausible method when he first gives his idea to eat the children of the poor and feed them to the rich and wealthy. I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout. (Jonathan Swift page 455). In this quote, Swift even goes to the extent of stating different types of ways to cook the infant. Swift even touches on a few dishes a chef may have in mind to use the cooked meat of a newborn in. If that wasnt enough for the point to get across, Swift also uses the idea of exploiting the amount of meals a person could get full a full and healthy baby. Swift also drags this idea to state how the right season to eat the child and wait for a certain amount of days before consumption. He states, A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter. (Jonathan Swift page 456). Swift is using the type of exaggeration to truly maximize the gain the wealthy would get from this radical idea. Swift also creates an idea for using the non-consumable parts of a hefty child which in itself covers all parts of the baby that could be sold for profit to benefit from. Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass; the skin of which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies, summer boots for fine gentlemen. (Jonathan Swift page 456). This quote helps Swifts case because he offers another innovative way for involve the poor for jobs and at the same time providing new fashion for the rich. Jonathan Swift uses exaggeration to create this far fetched idea and make it real. Of course it sounds crazy to create a promotions towards cannibalizing young children, but Swift figured that if being under English rule for over 500 years and not being heard, he had to think of a deranged idea to grab attention of the reader. Swifts idea to catch attention with exaggeration made all readers uncomfortable because he created a beneficial way to eat humans and gain economically in doing so. Although the satire may come across to most readers as a essay about how people could benefit from selling and eating children, Swifts goal was to depict some metaphorical irony of how the the Protestant English are treating the Catholic Irish. The first depiction we see of Irony is in the title A Modest Proposal, the use of the word modest is to provide that the proposal is actually calm and nothing special. However, reading an essay about how cannibalism can improve a countries economy is nearly the exact opposite of modest. Swifts use of this word to represent a sarcastic argument the his audience as a way to show how unruly the conditions that Irish have faced for centuries of undermining events that have taken place. Swift develops this character to show the point of view of the two groups at a subtle war with each other. When he opens with, It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms. (Jonathan Swift pages 454) He is depicting the Irish poverty that is taking place and showing how ironic the carelessness the English have over them. The Protestant English wanted to diminish the Catholic society and this opening sentence shows how the were treated inhumanely. Swift shows us how the streets are becoming more and more crowded by the beggars and the closed-minded Proastant society cant see past the negligence of conversion. Swift also touches on how the Protestant population treated the underdeveloped Catholics as Animals when he wrote, although I rather recommend buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs. (Jonathan Swift page 456). When swift touches on this he is claiming that why not eat the spawn of a Catholic mother as the same as a well presented pig. Swifts use of Irony gives his readers a sense of how deficient the Catholic label was under the rule of the protestants. Swift chose to use the shock value or humor to not only to create this point of eating the Catholic children to help the poor make money and to please that rich with this new food market monopoly, and stop the overarching problem of overpopulation, but to hopefully spawn a change to happen. Swift has created an essay disguising the relationship between two different socioeconomic groups, the English and Irish. His intentions when writing this essay was never for the literal plan to fall through just to make the English aware of how the increased numbers of the poor Irish has created a major issue. To create this shock value Swift provides information about the Catholic reproducing at a faster rate than the Protestant. Considering the new invention of birth control, the Catholics still had jumps in population because birth control was against their religion. Therefor, this created the idea of Shock value for Swift. I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout. (Jonathan Swift page 455). Swift wrote this with the intention of shoking his readers by developing this plan to eat the children, but what makes even more shocking is the idea of putting human meat into everyday dishes. Swift was trying to create this appealing response just to invoke an unsettling feeling in the English. When writing A Modest Proposal, Swift creates a untelling plan to save the penniless Irish. He wrote this essay in such a way that would shock surface level readers, but have an underlining grievance towards the treatment the English have been given. In writing in this particular style, Swift created a standard political satire for centuries to come. With this typical style of writing, this could help the society we live in today, especially with illegal immigration. For example, if someone were to right about how the unemployment rate in America is staying the way it is because the illegal immigrants work for whatever pay they can get, there would be an underlying theme of racism in America. It would truly shake the grounds, that the government stands on when creating this type of work because closet racism is the problem with immigration not crime rate or overpopulation. Swift made a way for the underdog to speak and his lesson still applies to the society we live in today.

The Fight For Freedom For Equality - 947 Words

Isaiah Maldonado Mrs. Macmillan 30 October, 2015 American History The Fight For Freedom, The Fight For Equality Throughout American History African Americans have been the victims of racial oppression and exploitation. Despite the racial inequality and unjust treatment cursed upon them, African Americans still stood up for their country in times of need. World War II in particular helped pave the way for African Americans to finally begin being recognized as people of equal value, of equal social status and establish post war integration of the military. With that being said African Americans were still segregated when World War II began and still faced hardships regardless of their selfless acts of enlisting and fighting for our freedom. For many African Americans, the war offered an opportunity to get out of the cycle of crushing rural poverty. African Americans joined the military in large numbers, escaping a decade of depression and tenant farming in the South and Midwest. Yet, like the rest of America in the 1940s, the armed forces were segregated. The Army accepted black enlistees but created separate black infantry regiments and assigned white commanders to them. The Army Air Corps black fighter wing was completely separate, training at an all black university at Tuskegee, Alabama. The Navy segregated Negro units and gave them the most menial jobs on ships. And the Marines, at least initially, didn t even accept African Americans. At every trainingShow MoreRelatedThe Fight For Freedom And Equality904 Words   |  4 PagesIt seems like every time a television is on, there is something in the news regarding race relations. The fight for freedom and equality has been a long road involving numerous amounts of peaceful protests, legislation, and preaching. Even with the success of the civil rights movement, racism still exists in our country today and it is the responsibility of legislatures and citizens a like to make a difference. 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Is Fashion Important Free Essays

IS FASHION IMPORTANT ? Fashion is a lifestyle to maintain their appearance and enhance their self-confidence. Fashion is most commonly associated with clothing, but it even applies to anything from interior architecture, to models to toys. It is a spirit, where an individual is comfortable with his mod of clothing and converts this comfort into a personal style. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Fashion Important ? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a way of measuring a mood can be useful in many aspects, culturally, socially even psychologically. Perhaps the most distinctive quality about the fashion since the early times is that it is increasing in simplicity. Fashion will make someone become more confident with herself. This causes them to abuse the existing fashion. Too many kinds of fashion has found nowadays especially among teenagers. They are fond of wearing clothes that do not cover themselves from the cover themselves. But they do that because they want to care of personal appearance. With style, we can see a person’s personality. Besides that, among girls and young women, ridiculing each other’s outfits and appearances can be a form of bullying. The appearances of the homeless can keep people from offering them jobs. Fashion models tend to be skinny to the extent that it is extremely unhealthy. Fashion can consume money and resources that could be put to uses that help society more. Having a personal style that is unique, yet fashionable can give a person more confidence. Trendily dressed people tend to attract more positive attention. Dressing age appropriately causes people to respect you more. People who are not dressed age appropriately tend to attract scorn and ridicule. In conclusion, fashion is good because it can boost our confident level and makes people comfortable to hang out with us. How to cite Is Fashion Important ?, Papers Is Fashion Important Free Essays IS FASHION IMPORTANT ? Fashion is a lifestyle to maintain their appearance and enhance their self-confidence. Fashion is most commonly associated with clothing, but it even applies to anything from interior architecture, to models to toys. It is a spirit, where an individual is comfortable with his mod of clothing and converts this comfort into a personal style. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Fashion Important ? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a way of measuring a mood can be useful in many aspects, culturally, socially even psychologically. Perhaps the most distinctive quality about the fashion since the early times is that it is increasing in simplicity. Fashion will make someone become more confident with herself. This causes them to abuse the existing fashion. Too many kinds of fashion has found nowadays especially among teenagers. They are fond of wearing clothes that do not cover themselves from the cover themselves. But they do that because they want to care of personal appearance. With style, we can see a person’s personality. Besides that, among girls and young women, ridiculing each other’s outfits and appearances can be a form of bullying. The appearances of the homeless can keep people from offering them jobs. Fashion models tend to be skinny to the extent that it is extremely unhealthy. Fashion can consume money and resources that could be put to uses that help society more. Having a personal style that is unique, yet fashionable can give a person more confidence. Trendily dressed people tend to attract more positive attention. Dressing age appropriately causes people to respect you more. People who are not dressed age appropriately tend to attract scorn and ridicule. In conclusion, fashion is good because it can boost our confident level and makes people comfortable to hang out with us. How to cite Is Fashion Important ?, Essay examples

Cultural Policy In Taiwan Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cultural Policy In Taiwan Essay, Research Paper Cultural Policy in Taiwan Taiwan has its ain really particular authorities system. On the cardinal authorities degree ( relevant to the federal authorities ) , there are both president and Prime Minister in the system. The National Assembly is the representation of all citizens to the president, and the Legislative Assembly is to the Prime Minister who is in charge of the Executive Yuan, the top administrative organic structure of Taiwan. The current National Assembly is in charge of the alteration of fundamental law Torahs, while the Legislative Yuan makes all other Torahs. The Council for Cultural Affairs reports straight to the Executive Yuan. It is one of the 17 Councils that are under the administration the Executive Yuan, and it was founded on November 11, 1981. The Council is consisted of one president, two frailty president, one executive secretary and one administrative officer. The Council besides has three sections, four back uping administrative units and three responsibility forming units. The Council besides has Board of Directors which consists of several curates from the Executive Yuan, bookmans, experts and outstanding creative persons. The Board is the highest mechanism that makes the concluding determinations for the Council. Unfortunately non really much information of a system of assignment of Board members or the presidents are written anyplace on the Council # 8217 ; s both English and Chinese version of web site, and the web site of the Executive Yuan. The authorization or guideline ( in their ain words ) of the Council aims to supply a broad scope of services, including the saving of heritage and traditional civilization, cultivating humanistic disciplines and civilization activities, back uping humanistic disciplines in the community and creative persons, advancing music, dance, play, and all right humanistic disciplines, and a batch more. The Council besides subsidizes several humanistic disciplines establishments ( Chinese crown corporations ) , with the most of import 1s such as National Symphony Organization, National Experimental Symphony, National Experimental Chorus, National Taiwan Academy of the Dramatic Arts National Opera Troupe, and Combined Arts Troupe. All these above mentioned maps of the Council were conducted with a individual Council organic structure and decided by the president and the Board. The Council is besides asked to advance Taiwanese/Chinese civilization internationally, and set up cultural divisions overseas. Although Taiwan is non a really large topographic point geographically, it does hold a big population ( about 230 million people ) . Keeping all these maps in one organic structure is non really maintaining all the maps working efficaciously. As we discussed in category, some of the maps in the Council # 8217 ; s guideline can be separated to be authorizations for puting up separate section in a authorities ( of any degree ) , such as heritage saving, cultural administrative organic structure and a separate granting bureau, such as in Canada, on the federal degree of humanistic disciplines and civilization, there are Department of Canadian Heritage, Ministry of Canadian Heritage, and the a separate humanistic d isciplines allowing organic structure, the Canada Council for the Arts. The Chinese Council for Cultural Affairs is cognizant of this, so the Council has been promised late in the most recent national elections that it is traveling to germinate into the Ministry of Culture under the Executive Yuan, and a separate humanistic disciplines allowing bureau, National Culture and Arts Foundation, was established in January 1996. The support beginning of the Foundation came from both public budget and private contribution. As from the populace, upon its constitution, the Foundation was established with the end of being an humanistic disciplines allowing bureau that operate with the minimal fiscal support for the authorities yearly. The aim of the induction fund is planned to be reached in a ten-year period, to be rais erectile dysfunction from the private contribution and budgets promised from its supervision section, the Council for the Cultural Affairs. The authorities aimed to bit by bit retreat its fiscal committedness to the Foundation and subsequently the Foundation should chiefly run on the involvement payment pulling from its induction fund and raise more from the private continuously. The Foundation was established with a all right designed construction. The Foundation has a Board of Directors whose member invited by the nominator from the Executive Yuan. The campaigners should be from the authorities officers, creative persons and humanistic disciplines professionals, and bookmans. The Board member is supposed to be a paid occupation. The Director of the Board is to be elected by the Board members. The members will be re-selected every three old ages, with the possible extension of another three-year period one time. It is besides legislated in the National Culture and Arts Foundation Act that the figure of authorities representatives on the Board can non be more than one fifth of the entire members. The Board of the Foundation is responsible of the devising and reviewing of budgets, and have the full authorization of O.K.ing grants. Besides the scene of the Foundation, such as the quota of authorities representatives on the Board and the assignment of the Board, may be copied from the similar bureaus of other developed states, such as Canada, which has great illustrations of holding quasi-independent, arm # 8217 ; s length bureaus to administer humanistic disciplines grants, the Foundation was established to suit Taiwan # 8217 ; s distinguish authorities construction and political environment. It is evident that Taiwan does non hold a healthy systematic authorities construction, from the phenomenon of the bizarre system that allows the being of both a president and a Prime Minister in the same authorities system with a batch of ambiguity on the duty and answerability of the dual leaders and dual parliaments. Neither the people nor the authorities is familiar with the arm # 8217 ; s length system so it is possibly better and simpler to put up the Foundation as a private non-profit organisation which raisings a nd encourages the engagement and achievements in humanistic disciplines and cultural activities. The Foundation reappraisal applications for both undertaking grants and operation grants, and besides set-up one-year awards for outstanding public presentation in humanistic disciplines field. To this day of the month, although the Foundation is still immature and there are things on construction or processs needed to be adjusted or improved, overall the humanistic disciplines community in Taiwan is still really pleased to see its constitution and operation. After all the Foundation is operated consistently and transparent. It is non normally seen in Taiwan for a kind of authorities attached organisation. As for on the municipal degree, Taipei City and Kaohsiung City, they manage their policies. These two metropoliss were on the tantamount degree as the former Provincial authoritiess because of the big population live and work in their legal powers. They have their ain section of pull offing the humanistic disciplines and cultural activities in their metropoliss, particularly Taipei City, where about one 4th of Chinese population is. The policy of Taipei City has enormous impacts on the overall Taiwan. For other counties and municipalities the humanistic disciplines policies are more or less the extension of the from of the cardinal authorities, or a agencies of pulling touristry. Bibliography 1. The Council for Cultural Affairs, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cca.gov.tw/intro/report, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cca.gov.tw/intro/index_e.html ( English physician. ) 2. The Executive Yuan, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ey.gov.tw/ 3. National Culture and Arts Foundation, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncafroc.org.tw/IE/A/01/index.htm, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncafroc.org.tw/IE/G/INDEX.htm ( English physician. )

The main objective in the TED talk presentation is Essays

The main objective in the TED talk presentation is seeing stress as a positive thing in life instead of believing its bad for our health. If you believed that stress was bad for you and if you experienced a good amount of it that you had a 43 percent chance of increasing your death rate. It would be better for you to look at difficult situations as energized and a challenge instead of thinking about impressing; if you do this the stress would be a positive attitude. I think Beowulf would not be a good example for this presentation at TED talks because it's irrelevant and would be better to give real life examples like Kelly McGonigal did in the original presentation so the audience could relate. I handle stress easily because I have no emotion of much things so I could just brush it off and forget about once I start doing something to pass time. There isn't much things that stress me out but if I had to decide it would be mainly school because there is so much going on. I do agree with Kelly McGonigal because I live life happily and don't like to be feeling down all of the time so her advice helps. Once I run into stress again I will just think of the advice given in the TED talks video and brush off all the problems.

Our genes and enviromental factors influences our health essays

Our genes and enviromental factors influences our health essays Our genes makes us unique and they influence our personality. People born with certain traits can deal with stress and emotions better than people that lack that trait. For example a person born with the trait of calmness can deal with stressful situations better than a person born with the trait of nervousness can. The body and mind is one. What happens to one affects the other. It has been know that people who manage stress better usually have better health. Good health is an important aspect of quality of life. Healthier people are also happier, more socially active, and more satisfied with life. The genes is the only factors that makes individuals unique and we have no control over our genetic make up, but our environment can dramatically influence our personality and over all health. Given a perfect environment (what ever might be) humans might live happier for a very long time. The relative impact of genes and environment can be assessed by studying twins as well as by looking at the longevity of immediate ancestors. I read an article an MSN that deal with the notion of genes vs environment. The article was about a major study of identical twins and fraternal twins. The study was to see whether the twins died closely together. If those with the same genes died closely together while those with different genes did not, then that would support a genetic influence. The influence of the environment is assessed by comparing those living under the same and different environment. If those from the same environment died close together while those from different environments did not, then that would support an environmental influence. The finding of the study suggest that longevity is largely determined by environmental factors with 66% variance due to environment an 34% due to genetics. Hmmm! Well, all I can say is that gender, race are genetic factors are beyond our control but the environmental factors can shape t...

The concept of Gods redemptive plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The concept of Gods redemptive plan - Essay Example The Exodus narrative refers to the journey undertaken by Israelites from Egypt to their motherland. Similarly, the gospel narratives refer to the Christian teachings wherein Jesus’ elects twelve men, known as the apostles, to reach the nations and act as agents for providing salvation to others. The Pauline narrative herewith refers to Paul’s teachings in the Bible and helps to develop an understanding of Paul’s own redemptive, and the manner in which Jesus selects and calls him for his fissional agenda. Again, God elected Israel in order to ensure that Israel acts as the agent of redemptive for missio Dei to all other nations. The story of Israel, as outlined in the Bible, from Abraham’s redemptive to the Exodus event, and later in the New Testament, is written in such a manner that requires one to remember the past about the journey of appointment that Israel had made. Moreover, the same acted as a reminder regarding the manner in which God, in his grace , rescued and re-established Israel, such that all nations would ultimately enjoy the same redemptive grace. The Exodus narrative depicts the journey of Israelites from Egypt to Canaan. It unravels the painful story of the Israelites, who were then attributed as slaves. The Exodus narrative comprises of two main genres, namely, laws, along with the narrative history. Its main personalities encompassed Moses, Aaron, Joshua, and Miriam. These personalities acted as leaders for the Israelites in their path of relocating from Egypt to Canaan.

Why Group Work is Important Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why Group Work is Important - Research Paper Example Learning and working in groups entails communal and/or academic values, resources, and techniques of accomplishing tasks. Successful groups find out ways to do well by combining these factors. A group and each individual in it will only be as effectual as they are eager to value disparities among each group member. Carrying out group projects require professionalism in its superlative form. Professionalism means completing each and every task of your project efficiently and effectively. To do that, one needs to identify a problem and how to go about solving that problem. If one follows a problem-solving process, then the results would be more fruitful than otherwise. To all intents and purposes, a problem is not something which could be easily jettisoned. From a utilitarian’s point of view, a procedure or a generalization should be applied. When I have been assigned a project, I would always carry out a pre-project analysis or what I call a feasibility analysis of the project, which encompasses the practicability and the likelihood of the project to be accomplished efficiently and effectively (and before the deadline). FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS: As a group member I always tried to make out a situation where the shoe pinches or where the problem lies in the project. Not identifying and accepting a problem has been a major reason why problems get graver and panic starts creeping in. Identifying and accepting a problem in a project is like finding a remedy beforehand. Individuals and groups who have never thought of something big or novel in their lives have never made their mark in this corporate world. They haven’t ever won their laurels in any field of activity and the reason for their fiasco has been that they have never recognized how to debug the problems in their project. Another important technique that I as a group member applied was that I always realized a project’s complexity. This phase necessitates a detailed and noteworthy examinatio n. The complexities of some projects are not apparent: they are hidden and shallow.  

PEST-C and marketing stratgy for Appl company Research Paper

PEST-C and marketing stratgy for Appl company - Research Paper Example In a video titled, â€Å"What makes Apple’s marketing Unique†, it emerges that Apple Company designs products with outstanding features (Integra Global Solutions, 2012). For example, when other companies conceived the possibility of developing desktops, Apple moved a step further and conceived the possibility of having a computer in the pocket. Currently, Apple’s MacBook Air is the thinnest computer in existence developed through an amazing product design and detail. Unlike other companies, Apple highlights only one outstanding feature of its products in its advertisements. Although the MacBook Air has remarkable functionality, the Apple Company utilized a unique marketing strategy and placed emphasis on the fact that the MacBook Air was the thinnest computer (OReilly, 2012). The focus on the most outstanding aspects makes Apple’s marketing unique, simple, and straightforward. The focus on a single aspect instead of numerous aspects sets a new standard for Apple product a factor that motivates potential consumers to buy the products. The video uploaded on YouTube by the Integra Global Solutions, who are experts in marketing reveals the uniqueness of Apple’s marketing strategies. Moreover, Apple Company has adopted digital marketing, which has created a buzz on the sleek design of the company’s products. Similar to its products, Apple’s online advertisements and its website focus on high levels of navigability making it easy to use for customers. Through digital marketing, the Apple Company has been able to interact with its customers and focus on highlighting the value added by its premium products. The company does not need to confuse its customers by highlighting numerous features in its advertisements (Montgomerie & Roscoe, 2013). On the contrary, its marketing strategies highlight one outstanding feature that should motivate and convince a customer that the Apple product is worth buying. Irrespective of

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Crime Prevention through Environmental Design is a method of deterring unlawful conduct through deliberately engineering the setting in which crime is likely to be perpetrated. In this regard, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design is a multidisciplinary approach to prevent criminal behavior through environmental design (Atlas, 2008). CPTED tactics and strategies depend on the ability to manipulate the criminals choices that precede the crime. Importantly, to achieve deterrence effects of criminal behavior, CPTED strategies have been designed on the basis that they can influence offenders decision in regard to committing crime which precedes criminal acts. The essence of CPTED approach is underlined by Angel (1968) suggestion that crime settings can be influenced by: the creation or elimination of boundaries, decreasing or increasing accessibility, delineating territories and through enhancing surveillance by the police and citizenry. Therefore, CPTED can be seen as an approac h to problem solving that takes into account the environmental conditions and the opportunities they offer for criminal behavior occurrence (Cornish and Clarke 1986). Thereafter, it utilizes those perceived opportunities responsible for causing crimes to control access, provide opportunity to see and to be seen and defines ownership while encouraging territory maintenance (Luedtke et al, 1970) CPTED uses a multiplicity of disciplines to foresee the offenders mindset and hence create an environment that deters criminal behavior. Crowe (2000) reports that the central tenet used to arrive at the strategies is the analysis of crime and the environment where it occur using an analytic question â€Å"why here†. Furthermore, such analyses have proved that: crimes are specific and situational; crime distribution correlates to land use and transport network; and offenders are usually optimistic and commits crime in place they know well (Atlas, 2008). Moreover, these analyses reveal that opportunities for crime arise out of daily activities and crime places that are often without observer. The strategies that are employed to achieve CPTED objectives are through the use of target hardening, natural surveillance, alarm and warning systems installation and access control. Despite the science being originally formulated by Ray Jeffery (1977), CPTED is studied within the works and findings of Oscar Newman and Tim Crowe. R Jefferys model is now viewed as a multidisciplinary approach to crime prevention which strays from the parameters of security science by incorporating psychology, human anatomy, biology and ergonomics (Crowe, 2000). Newman (1972) ascertained the two basic components of a defensible space. First, this space must enable people to see other people and to be seen themselves. This greatly reduces the inhabitants fears because they are confident that a criminal can be viewed, recognized and detained. Second, residents should be willing to get involved in fighting crime, this involves nurturing a sense of control among the inhabitants; this will enable them to adopt an empowered attitude which facilitates the combat of crime especially within residential areas. Following its inception, CPTED has advanced at a great pace. Some of the noteworthy advancements include: the broken windows theory by James Wilson and Kelling George which studies the impact that visible neglect, wear and tear in neighborhoods have on behavior, the environmental criminology paper by Patricia and Paul Brantingham which looks at crime through four elements: rule, a wrongdoer, a target and an opportune location with environmental criminology being the study of the last of the four elements (Goldstein, 1990; Cornish and Clarke, 1986). British academicians Ronald and Patricia Mayhew also advance the discipline by formulating their Situational Crime Prevention Approach which addresses the reduction of the chance to offend by enhancing the design and administration of the environment in question. Theory supporting CPTED in residential burglaries There are number of criminology theories that justify and align to CPTED approach in relation to residential burglaries. Theories that support CPTED in residential burglaries tend to deviate long due reliance on the sociological and biological perspective to understand crime, and instead emphasis on the crime prevention incentives that reduce environmental opportunities for crime and criminal. The most appropriate theory is the defensive space theory. The Defensive Space Theory This is a terminology used to describe an environment whose physical attributes building plan, location and function allows the occupants themselves to become key agents in safeguarding them. In other words defensive space is both a social and physical (sociophysical) phenomenon (Oscar Newman, 1972), which means that a housing unit is only secure if its inhabitants intend to take on the role of safeguarding it. The theory emphasizes that a location is safer when its individuals possess a sense of responsibility for it; Newman puts it as â€Å"the criminal is isolated because his turf is removed†. This means that if each space is owned and catered for by a conscientious caretaker then a burglar will feel more vulnerable perpetrating his crime. (Newman, 1972) In the defensive space theory there are four factors that constitute a defensible space: the concept of territoriality which is a sense of possession and control for a particular property, natural surveillance, which is the connection between a locations physical attributes and the inhabitants ability to monitor what is happening, the physical spaces Image or ability to convey a sense of security and Milieu which are other characteristics that may have an effect on security like nearness to a busy road. According to the theory, housing projects that stir up territorial sentiments are usually effective in combating crime and defacement. Newman (1972) put it that through good design people should not only feel comfortable in questioning what is happening in their surroundings, they should feel compelled to do so. Any criminal should be able to perceive a watchful community monitoring his actions. In the book Design Outlines for Creating Defensible spaces Oscar Newman outlined five basic principles of designing a defensible space. These basic principles are: the allocation to different groups the specific environment they are able to use and control, for instance the basketball court is best assigned to male teenagers. Second principle entails demarcation of space in housing developments to exhibit the zone under the control of specific inhabitants. Third, invokes the strategic juxtaposition. Fourth, incorporation of the streets within the direct influence of an inhabited setting and the embracing of building styles which eludes the stigma of irregularity that normally allows others to make out the susceptibility. And fifth, involves seclusion of a specific group of residents (Newman, 1972) Approaches in Initiating CPTED projects Research conducted in CPTED has revealed that the decision to indulge in criminal behavior or not to is more likely to be influenced by the criminals perception of the risks of being caught than his evaluations on the reward or the effort necessary in conducting the crime. In line with the findings of this research, defensible space is then designed to reduce crime and the fear of crime while improving the quality of life. In Crime Prevention through Environmental Design the four most widespread CPTED approaches are: natural surveillance or close watch, natural territorial reinforcement or fortification, natural access control or admission management and target hardening (Wood, 1961). Natural surveillance (Kruger and Liebermann, 2001) in CPTED is achieved by increasing awareness by placement of facilities, activities and individuals in a way visibility is optimized and human interaction is fostered. Criminals in such a space feel scrutinized and self aware, this diminishes the chance of them engaging in unlawful acts in such a space. This strategy takes effect by cutting down the opportunities for engaging in unlawful behavior. In such a design streets are made intentionally wide so as to accommodate as many pedestrians as possible. In natural surveillance designs: Unnecessary walls are usually eliminated this is because they block the residents line of vision, windows are positioned overlooking opportunistic points of entry and by closed circuit television (CCTV) is used to monitor suspicious individuals. In access control, only authorized individuals are allowed access to areas which might be targeted by criminals. This can be achieved through: keeping private areas behind lock and key, strategically situating security personnel to scrutinize individuals before they are given access to private space, use of tall fences to restrict access, doing away with design elements that might provide access to private areas, for instance poorly situated balconies and by barricading ground level windows which can be easily broken into by criminals (Cohen and Felson, 1979). In natural territorial reinforcements, personal space is distinctly demarcated and unauthorized movement is eliminated by demonstrating greater proprietary concern. This can be achieved by assigning areas to specific users, this makes trespassers prominent and hence easy to make out. The natural territorial reinforcement strategy of crime prevention can be attained through the implementation of: Prominently displaying alert and security signage, scheduling activities in common spaces, restricting unplanned activities and by preserving a well groomed a premise that conveys an active presence (Atlas, 2008). Target Hardening as a Strategy in Crime Deterrence Target hardening is a security term that refers to the fortification of a building in order to minimize the threat of attack or theft (Clarke, 1992). A straight forward method of crime prevention, target hardening usually deters or delays an attack. It includes ensuring that all windows, doors and other possible entrances are properly locked, removing any natural vegetation that could harbor criminals or be used by criminals to access higher properties. Practical Examples on the Successful Application of CPTED In the book Design Outlines for Creating Defensible Spaces written by Oscar Newman in 1972, he outlines a research conducted in the City of New York that revealed that high-rise apartment buildings had crime rates higher than in lower housing projects. He attributed this to the fact that in high rise buildings residents felt that they had no obligation to secure an area that is occupied by so many people. In 1985 George L. Kelling the originator of the broken window theory was hired as a consultant for New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) (Clarke, 1992). In this period David Gunn a researcher put in place robust measures to test the Broken Windows Theory specifically targeting vandalism and graffiti. From 1984 to 1990 the subway system was meticulously cleaned and service in line with the broken window theory (Crowe, 2000). In 1990 due to the runaway successes of George Kellings policies concerning graffiti and vandalism control, the implementation of the Broken Windows Theory was further intensified by his successor William J. Braton who became the chief officer of the New York City Police. Braton implemented zero-tolerance policies relating to fare dodging, easier arrestee processing methods and background checks on all offenders (Crowe, 2000). Celebrated Mayor Rudy Giuliani and his police commissioner Howard Safir also implemented the strategy on a wider scale in New York City. In his period at the helm Rudy Giuliani had the police strictly enforce the laws against subway fare evasion, public drinking, public urinators and men who wiped the windshields of stopped cars and demanded payment. This led to the crime rates of both serous and petty crime falling drastically for the next ten years (Clarke, 1992; Crowe, 2000). In the late 1990s in Albuquerque New Mexico an initiative called the Safe Streets program was launched (Clarke, 1992). In this scheme it was reasoned that lawlessness on roadways had a similar domino effect in facilitating crime as graffiti vandalism in New York. Punitive measures were initiated to discourage the antisocial behaviors experienced there; this was followed by a steep decline in crime as reviewed by NHTSA and published in a case study. An example that captures the definition o f a defensible space is a United States Department of Justice experiment in Hartford Connecticut (Clarke, 1992). In this experiment streets were closed and police were assigned to each neighborhood in the city. These measures were implemented alongside new public housing plans that were designed to restrict access to the city. Surprisingly Hartford did not show any significant drop in crime. This is despite the private areas of St Louis having a much lower crime rate than the public areas; the underlying reason is speculated to have been in private areas in St Louis people had the capacity and the incentives to protect their defensible spaces (Luedtke et al., 1970; Clarke, 1992). Checklists for Investigating a Premises Compliance with CPTED Template Questions to Evaluate a Premises Compliance with Natural Surveillance This checklist aims at evaluating how well natural surveillance strategies have been implemented within the building: Has the premises installed CCTV cameras to monitor human activities? Where is the lighting situated along passage ways? What is the height at which the lighting is placed? Can peoples faces be adequately made out with the current level of lighting? What is the level of glare from windows, smooth furniture surfaces or oil painted walls? Is it sufficient to cause a blind spot in peoples vision? Have the windows been shielded from glare by shielded or cut-off luminaires? What is the type of vestibules used in the construction of the buildings entry? Is it transparent or is it opaque in nature? Does it allow sufficient light to ensure good visibility? Is there a fence in the compound? What is the type of fence used (can it allow light through i.e. a chain link fence) or is it impervious to light? What is the proximity of the location to road? How busy is the traffic along that road? How to the residents of the premises leave their window shades? Open or closed? How are the windows positioned on the premises? Do they overlook areas that are a high risk of having a security breach? How is the landscape design in regards to facilitating surveillance over opportunistic points of entry? Template Questions to Evaluate a Premises Compliance with Natural Access Control Has fencing been used to restrict access to the premises? Is the fence high enough to prevent trespassers from jumping over it? Is there a gate separating the front yard from the back yard? Can it be locked? Is it usually locked? Were there any design features in the original plan of the premises that could provide unauthorized access to upper levels of the building? Are they still there? If they are still there, what steps have been taken avoid them being used to breach into the building? What steps have been used to secure ground level windows against breach? How many points of entry does the building have? Is it clearly identifiable? Template Questions to Evaluate a Premises Compliance with Natural Territorial Reinforcement Are the activities within the premises spontaneous or are they planned? Are private activities restricted to defined areas? Where are the amenities i.e. seating and food situated in the building? Are they distributed over a wide area or are they placed in a central location? Are there any security signage displayed in the building? How prominent do the security signages appear? How well has the premises and the landscape around it been maintained? Does it communicate an active presence? References Angel, S. (1968). City Planning and Discouraging Crime: University of California press, Berkeley Atlas, R. (2008). 21st Century Security and CPTED: Boston, CRC Press. Crowe, T. (2000), Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Boston, Heinemann. Cornish, D. Clarke, R.V. (1986): The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer Verlag. Clarke, R.V. (1992). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies: New York, Harrow and Hesston. Cohen, L. Felson, M. (1979), â€Å"Crime Rate Trends and Social Change: A Routine Activity Approach.† American Sociological Review 44(4):589-600. Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem-Oriented Policing: New York: McGraw Hill. Jeffery, C. R. (1977). CPTED: Beverly Hills, Sage Publications. Kruger, T K L. Liebermann, S. (2001). Designing Safer Places: A Manual for Crime Prevention Through Planning and Design: Pretoria, South Africa: CSIR. Luedtke, G et al. (1970). The Physical City and Crime: Design Techniques for Crime Reduction for Neighborhood. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Newman, O. (1972). Crime Prevention Through Urban Design: Defensible Space. New York: Macmillan Wood, E. (1961) Housing Design: A Social Theory

Galileo: A Man on a Mission :: History

Galileo: A Man on a Mission In 1632, Galileo Galilei published his book "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems." As innocent as this may seem, the implications that were associated with the publishing of the book were soon evident. In the time prior to the publishing of the book, Galileo had been warned several times not to publish it by the Catholic Church. The book was a fictitious dialogue between three men, whose purpose was to discuss two theories of Planetary Motion. The theory that Galileo was advocating was considered by the Church to be heretical, and he was told several times that publishing the book would have dire consequences. His pride, his impulsive nature, his arrogance, and his love for science influenced Galileo's decision. Galileo was a scientific genius, but he was also a human. He was too proud to compromise his beliefs under any circumstances. Before we can analyze this decision, we must understand exactly what the book contained. The idea behind the book was to demonstrate the superiority and validity of the Copernican model of the Solar System versus the Ptolemaic model of the Solar System. The Ptolemaic System was a model of the Solar System in which the planets, the sun, and all other objects in the universe revolve around the Earth. This system was supported by Aristotle and coincided with Holy Scripture, and therefore, was supported by the Church. On the other hand, the Copernican model of the Solar system was the basis for the system we use today. It stated that all objects in the universe, including the Earth, revolve around the sun. This idea was what caused problems with the Church. The theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe directly contradicted Holy Scripture. This was the foundation on which the Church based its threats against Galileo. Before we can truly understand the magnitude of this decision, we must also first comprehend the climate of the times in which his book was published. Europe was in the midst of a break from the old method of thinking to a new, increasingly scientific method of viewing the world and society. Until this time, Europe had been in what we call the "Age of Faith." This time period was characterized by a strong belief in the Church and religion. Although still a major force in the lives of the people, religion and philosophy were on a steady decline since the start of the Renaissance when the "Age of Exploration" began.